Расширение словарного запаса (лекция 35)

11 Фев
2010

Новые слова

Слово	Транскрипция	Перевод
bear	[ bFq ]	рождать, носить, выносить, приносить
besides	[ bi'saidz ]	кроме, сверх того
business	[ 'biznis ]	дело, занятие, проффессия, фирма
certain	[ 'sq:tn ]	уверенный, определенный; be~ знать наверняка
certainty	[ 'sq:tnti ]	уверенность
classic	[ 'klxsik ]	классик, классический
consist	[ kqn'sist ]	состоять из (of), заключаться в (in)
corn	[ kO:n ]	зерно; хлеба; (в США кукуруза)
cut	[ kAt ]	резать, прорезанный
date	[ deit ]	дата, число, срок
daughter	[ 'dO:tq ]	дочь
deal	[ di:l ]	торговать, иметь дело, обращаться
dealer	[ 'di:lq ]	торговец
develop	[ di'velqp ]	развивать(ся)
difficulty	[ 'difikqlti ]	трудность
early	[ 'q:li ]	ранний, раное
educate	[ 'edZu:keit ]	воспитывать, давать образование
education	[ ,edZu'keiSn ]	образование
encyclopedia	[ en,saiklO'pi:diq ]	энциклопедия
Greek	[ gri:k ]	греческий, греческий язык
happy	[ 'hxpi ]	счасливый
husband	[ 'hAzbqnd ]	муж
late	[ leit ]	поздний, поздно
leather	[ 'leDq ]	кожа (выделанная)
leave	[ li:v ]	оставлять, покидать, уезжать
magazine	[ ,mxgq'zi:n ]	журнал
marriage	[ 'mxriG ]	брак
meat	[ mi:t ]	мясо
mind	[ maind ]	разум, умственные способности, дух; мысль; заботиться; иметь что-либо против
mother	[ 'mADq ]	мать
native	[ 'neitiv ]	родной, прирожденный; уроженец, туземец
pair	[ pFq ]	пара
period	[ 'piqriqd ]	период
playwright	[ 'pleirait ]	драматург
poem	[ 'poum ]	стихотворение, поэма
poet	[ 'pouit ]	поэт
probably	[ 'prObqbli ]	вероятно
roof	[ ru:f ]	крыша
school	[ sku:l ]	школа
son	[ sAn ]	сын
strange	[ streinG ]	странный
street	[ stri:t ]	улица
sum	[ sAm ]	сумма
town	[ taun ]	город
village	[ 'viliG ]	деревня
wife	[ waif ]	жена
window	[ 'windou ]	окно
wool	[ wul ]	шерсть
writer	[ 'raitq ]	писатель

Текст

ON DICTIONARY-MAKING

People seem to think that nothing in the world is less interesting than dictionary-making But this is a mistake.

Dictionary -making is in fact (1) an interesting job and interesting people are attracted to it.

One of these interesting people was Samuel Johnson (2) who produced his dictionary оn April 15, 1755. In Dr Samuel Johnson’s days, dictionary-making was different from what it is now.

It was a one-man operation. Dr Johnson had some help with his (3), but it was his dictionary. And a number of men (4) in his era, including two actors, published dictionaries on their own (5).

Another difference was that these men themselves tried to decide what was to be included and what not.

The modem dictionary-maker is more scientific. All words get his attention and he tries to include the word people use and show how they use them, and what these words mean.

The dictionary-maker of today has to keep his dictionary up-to-date. A fast changing world creates a fast-changing language — new words for new tools, new weapons, new processes, new fields (6) (such as automation), new ideas.

Many new words win places in dictionaries as permanent words. Sometimes words are included for a time and dropped out it new editions. Today more than ever dictionary-making is a job a scientist who knows not only books but the world around him.

Although the one-man dictionary is a thing of history the number of men in the United States today who are dictionary-makers is still very few. Perhaps not more than half a dozen.

These experts, however, are able to do their job by finding other experts to help them. One of the above-mentioned half-dozen says that he had to call in about 350 other specialists in various fields during the work on the American College Dictionary, one of the several new dictionaries that have appeared since the Second World War.

In mis age of growing knowledge no man is able to do the job alone without the aid of other scientists. A great event in all dictionary-making was the appearance of the Oxford English Dictionary, which the general public (7) seldom sees. It is complete in more than twenty volumes.

It contains 414,825 words and 1,827,306 quotations which show the use of the words. To give one example: the word and letter «A» are explained in eleven and a half columns of small type.

Примечания:

(1) in fact — по существу, фактически

(2) Dr Samuel Johnson ['sxmju:ql GOnsn] — доктор Сэмюэл Джонсон (1709-1784), английский писатель и лексикограф. Сокращение Dr обозначает Doctor ['dOktq].

(3) with his = with his dictionary — когда он составил свой словарь

(4) a number of men — ряд людей. Существительное a number число с неопределенным артиклем означает некоторое количество.

(5) on their own — по своей собственной инициативе, без посторонней помощи, своими силами

(6) new fields — новые области (основное значение field — поле — лекция17)

(7) the general public — широкая публика

Прочтите и переведите еще один текст.

WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT SHAKESPEARE

The facts that we know with absolute certainty about William Shakespeare can be given in a few paragraphs. It is not strange that we know so little about one of the greatest men that the world has produced.

His age was not one of biographical writing. Newspapers and magazines did not exist. Encyclopaedias, dictionaries of names and volumes of Who Is Who (1) had not been heard of.

Few letters were written and less were kept. Yet we know about Shakespeare as much as (2) we do about most of the writers of his time, and even of many who lived much later.

The playwright’s fathers, John Shakespeare, moved to Stratford-on-Avon (3) about 1550 and became a dealer in corn, meat, wool and leather. He probably dealt besides in all things that farmers about the village produced. He seems to have been a good man of business (4), though he could not write.

His wife, the writer’s mother, Mary Arden, was the daughter of a rich farmer in the village of Wilmcote. He gave his daughter a house, with some land and a good sum of money. John Shakespeare and his wife were living in a house in Hanley Street when their children were born.

It was a house two stories high (5) with small windows cut in the roof. In general appearance it remains much the same as it looked in 1556. Simple and ordinary-looking, it is still the most famous house in England and one of the most famous in the world.

Men and women from all parts of the earth have visited Stratford to see it. Stones and poems have been written about it. For here, in a small room on the second floor, William Shakespeare was born.

How little we know of Shakespeare, compared with poets of the 19th century, is shown by the fact that we are not certain of the exact date on which the greatest of all poets was born But most probably he was born on April 23, 1564 He died also on this date, April 23, in 1616.

Of the poet’s early years we know next to nothing (6) It is a mistake, however, to think that he had no education There was in Stratford a free Grammar School (7) to which the boy was sent Here he studied mainly Latin, for education then in England consisted almost entirely of classics.

His friend of later years, Ben Johnson (8). said that Shakespeare had «small Latin and less Greek», but that is not quite true. We cannot compare his knowledge with that of Johnson, who was educated in a college, but the Bible thoroughly.

It is clear, too, that by nature he was a boy of remarkable power of observation (9). He was educated more by people and the world of Nature about him than by books and formal teaching.

Shakespeare left the Grammar School when he was thirteen years old and never went to school again. About this time his father’s money difficulties began. Another pair of hands was needed at home and William was the oldest son.

Just what he did (10), however, between his fourteenth and eighteenth years we cannot say. Probably he helped his father in his business.

We know nothing about his work, his reading and the events that were developing his mind during those five years, but we must remember that he was just a boy living in a small town before the age of newspapers, far from people of education and culture During this period as little is know of him as of Cromwell (11) during the same period; as little, but no less.

When William was only eighteen, he married Anne Hathaway [hxTqwei] the daughter of a farmer from a village not far from Stafford. Anne was nine years older than William and the marriage was not happy.

On May 26, 1583 their daughter Susanna [su'zxnq] was born. Two years later, two sons were born to Shakespeare, and soon after the young husband and father left his native town for London.

(to be continued)

Примечания:

(1) Who is Who — название справочника с именами, адресами и краткими биографическими данными о лицах, занимающих более или менее видное положение. (Буквально: Кто есть кто).

(2) as much as — здесь значит столько же

(3) Startford-on-Avon ['strxtfqd On 'eivqn] — город в Англии, родина Шекспира

(4) man of business — деловой человек, делец

(5) two stories high — высотой в два этажа

(6) next to nothing — почти ничего

(7) a free Grammar School — историческое название средней школы с преподаванием классических языков. Здесь значит бесплатный (при основном значении свободный).

(8) Ben Jonson — Бен Джонсон (1573-1637), английский драматург, современник Шекспира

(9) power of observation — наблюдательность

(10) just what he did — что именно он делал

(11) Cromwell ['krOmwel] — Оливер Кромвель (1599-1658), крупнейший деятель английской буржуазной революции XVII века.

Анализ слов

В этой лекции около 40 новых слов. Но многие из них являются «новыми» лишь условно. Среди них почти половина имеет международные корни. Не нуждаются в пояснении слова college, era, expert, history, operation, public, specialist, а также automation автоматика.

Напоминают родственные русские слова также column столбец, колонка, modern современный (ср. модернистический), permanent постоянный (ср. перманентный, перманент), produce производить (ср. продукция), type шрифт (ср. типография). Не так легко заметить связь между contain содержать, вмещать и вошедшим в русский язык словом контейнер.

Соответствующее английское слово container может обозначать не только контейнер, но и любую коробку, банку и другую тару. Слово attract привлекать, притягивать связано со словом трактор общим корнем, происходящим от латинского глагола, обозначающего тянуть, тащить. Существительное difference различие вы можете сравнить как с прилагательным different различный, отличающийся, так и со словом дифференциал.

В существительном knowledge знание легко выделить давно известный вам элемент know знать.

То call in вызывать, призывать — сложный глагол из известных вам элементов call звать и in; в прилагательном up-to-data последний элемент означает дата; таким образом, up-to-data переводится обычно современный, новейший.

To consist сравните со словом консистенция.

Слова school и школа восходят к одному корню, который мы видим также в слове схоластика.

Существительное playwright драматург образовалось путем словосложения. Play значит пьеса, иногда игра; глагол to play значит играть Второй элемент этого слова (wright) значит мастер.

Запомните, что magazine значит журнал. Это одно из тех сравнительно немногих слов, где сходство с русским словом может ввести в заблуждение.

Существительное mind употребляется как в философском смысле mind and matter дух и материя, так и в бытовом: body and mind тело и душа.

В сочетаниях оно может значить память: to keep in mind помнить, иметь в виду, то же значение имеет to bear in mind.

Глагол to mind значит заботиться, смотреть за кем-либо, например: to mind the children. Min your own business значит: Не вмешивайтесь в чужие дела (буквально: заботьтесь о своих делах).

В вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях to mind значит иметь что-либо против, возражать и часто сочетается с герундием: Do you mind my smoking? Вы не возражаете, если я закурю?

Пояснения требуют также слова few, a few; little, a little. Слова few и little переводится мало. Различие между ними заключается в том, что few употребляется с названиями предметов, которые можно сосчитать, в то время как little — с названиями веществ или понятий.

Например, few books (pens, ships, engineers) мало книг (ручек, кораблей, инженеров), little water (time, energy, attention) мало воды (времени, энергии, внимания). Различие между few и little аналогично различию между much и many, о которых мы упоминали ранее (раздело вопросительных словах).

Слова few, little в сочетании с артиклем а приобретают значение немного, некоторое количество. Это новое значение очень важно учитывать в переводе. Сравните:

We have few good pictures.	У нас мало хороших картин.
We have a few good pictures.	У нас есть несколько хороших картин.
Не has little money.	У него мало денег.
Не had a little money.	У него было немного денег.
Не had a little French.	Я мало (плохо) говорю по-французски.
I speak French a little.	Я немного говорю по-французски.

Вы видите, что few, little имеют отрицательный оттенок, тогда как а few, a little — положительный.

Упражнения

Новые слова текстов перепишите по алфавиту и обозначьте части речи условными словарными обозначениями. При расположении слов следите за алфавитным расположением не только первой буквы, но и всех остальных.

Откройте алфавит, прочтите его вслух и заучите наизусть. Добейтесь беглости в названии букв.

Определите словарную форму слов:

flies, tries, helping, changing, hopping, hoping, busiest, redder, dropped, examples

Найдите эти слова в словаре.

Найдите в общем англо-русском словаре многозначные слова и проанализируйте данные в словаре примеры.

Найдите в общем англо-русском словаре глаголы, от которых образованы следующие герундии:

trying, meeting, running, shouting, crying, organizing, digging, swimming, skating, begging

Определите форму герундия, пользуясь таблицей , и переведите предложения:

Mary stopped studding English.

I like reading poetry.

He told us about his having bought a new dictionary.

We seldom read his translations without seeing half a dozen mistakes in them.

We are considering buying a car.

Stop making so much noise.

We know about the new edition having appeared.

Mentioning this event will not help you.

The question needs including in the text.

We know of your having tried to do it alone.

Flying is the fastest way of going from one place to another.

I remember this weapon having been mentioned in the history of the First World War.

I don’t remember her telling us her age. They tried to attract our attention by shouting and gun-firing.

Nobody likes being laughed at.

Распределите на 11 пар синонимов:

up-to-data, rapid, instrument, different, pull, modem, fast, tool, attract, event, people, baby, increase, fact, public, era, child, number, grow, figure, age, various

Распределите на 7 пар антонимов:

pull, alone, slow, explain, up-to-data, ever, push, together, never, understand

Составьте таблицу форм инфинитива глаголов to leave и to develop.

Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на слова-заместители:

My son goes to this school and so do his friends. I bought a green leather bag and two small red ones for my daughters.

I do not remember the name of the street but my husband probably does. We brought them two English magazines and three French ones.

It is strange that he speaks less about this business than other people do. She dances as well as her mother did when she was her age.

Shakespeare was born at Statford and so were his children. We know as much about Shakespeare’s early as we do about those of Cromwell.

Переведите:

I have few friends.

We have a few friends in that city.

We can do it now, we still have a little time.

She says she has little time for reading, but she reads a few books every month.

She knows him a little.

We know very little about him, we only saw him for a few minutes.

Расставьте на место слова, данные в алфавитном порядке, и устно переведите предложения:

consists, corn, father, to many, school, son, strange, street, thoroughly, wool

The crop of… has increased. I’ll also send my … to this …. The edition… of twenty-five volumes. Shakespeare’s … dealt in meat and leather. Children must not play in the …. He is too young…. This is a very… idea. The dress seems to be made of…. His mind is… developed.

Данные ниже слова распределите на четыре группы:

1) семья;

2) город (напр., улица, фабрика);

3) материалы и продукты;

4) культурная жизнь (напр., книга, учиться, наука)

son, factory, tower, husband, magazine, coal, street, dictionary, pen, roof, to teach, meat, wife, smoke, encyclopaedia, daughter, the Underground, poem, child, bridge, newspaper, baby, school, research, writer, story, corn, picture,science, brother, house, to study, station, test, car, father, building, story, library, wool, town, sister, works, playwright, pitch, city, pencil, park, book, notebook, oil, gas, glass, gold, mother, to read, lesson, rubber, leather, to many, marriage, academy, college, paper, fuel, education

Ответьте на следующие вопросы по-английски, формулировки берите из второго текста:

1. When was William Shakespeare most probably born?

2. What do we know about his early years?

3. Who was his mother?

4. Did Shakespeare’s father and his wife live in a large house?

5. To what school did Shakespeare go?

6. How old was he when he left school?

7. What was the reason that he did not go to school again?

8. How many children have Shakespeare when he left his native town?

9. Have you any of Shakespeare’s plays in your native language?

10. Do you want to read them in English?

Контрольная работа

I. Определите форму инфинитива в предложении из текста:

Не seems to have been a good man of business.

Почему употреблена эта форма?

II. Найдите слова-заместители:

а) в третьем предложении первого абзаца;

б) в последнем предложении того же абзаца;

в) в предложении, начинающимся словами We cannot compare his knowledge … Определите, какие именно слова они замещают, и переведите предложения.

III. Переведите предложения из текста:

Few letters were written and less were kept. During this period as little is known of him as of Cromwell during the same period; as little, but no less.

IV. Определите форму инфинитива; укажите каким членом предложения является инфинитив, и переведите предложения:

1. I shall be happy to see you again.

2. We knew him to be a good husband.

3. We wanted to know her daughter’s age.

4. Her son was the first to develop this entirely new idea.

5. He appear to have received a very good education.

6. This leather coat seems to be very heavy.

7. That is not the way to cut bread.

8. We knew the corn to be quite dry.

9. That is all you need to know.

10. He seems to have read a great deal of classic writers.

11. The book seems to consist of short stories.

12. There was no time to lose.

13. No time seems to have been lost.

14. We know Shakespeare’s father to have been a dealer in meat, corn and leather.

15 His name is to be included in Who Is Who.

16. These things are to be left at home.

17. We believed him to be married.

18. To look at him makes you laugh.

19 The child seems to have been learning a few words every day.

20. Have you any magazines to give me?

21. The mother wanted her son to marry.

22. To discuss the details now means to lose time.

23. Your daughter is old enough to understand this.

24. He seems to be working later than usual.

25. We study the text to learn more about Shakespeare.

26. The plan appears to have been accepted.

27. Не might be late.

28. You needn’t have accepted the invitation.

V. Переведите слова:

besides, daughter, mother, business, roof, leave, wide, husband, town, son, thoroughly, to be born, early,village, late, wool, cut, happy, develop, certain, date, marry, marriage, window, consist, entirely, magazine, difficulty, native, corn meat, probably, school, street, leather, mind (n), to mind

VI. Назовите английские слова, имеющие значение:

мать, дочь, сын, муж, развивать, крыша, окно, деревня, поздно, рано, образование, оставлять, мясо, улица, счастливы, журнал, школа, город, резать

Ключ для проверки

I. Perfect Active. Весь рассказ ведется в настоящем времени. А здесь говорится о том, что было раньше;

II. a) his age was not one (= the age) of biographical writing. Его век не был веком биографической литературы (составления биографий); б) Yet we know about Shakespeare as much as we do (= as we know) about most of (he writers … И все-таки мы знаем о Шекспире столько же, сколько мы знаем о большинстве писателей … We cannot compare his knowledge with that (= the knowledge) of Jonson … Мы не можем сравнить его знания со знаниями Джонсона ….

III. Мало писем писалось и еще меньше (писем) сохранилось. Об этом периоде его жизни (в этот период о нем) известно так же мало, как о том же периоде жизни Кромвеля; так же мало, но не меньше.

IV. Indefinite Active — предложения No 1, 2, 3,4, 6, 7, 8, 9,11, 12, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23,25,27

Indefinite Passive — № 15,16,17

Perfect Active — № 5, 10 14, 28

Perfect Passive — № 13,26

Continuous — № 24

Perfect Continuous — № 19

Подлежащее: 18. Посмотреть на него — поневоле будешь смеяться. 22. Обсуждать детали сейчас — значит терять время.

Часть сказуемого: 15. Его имя должно быть включено в справочник. 16. Эти вещи следует оставить дома. 27. Он, возможно, опоздает (см. ур. 18). 28. Вам не обязательно принимать приглашение.

Прямое дополнение: 1. Буду рад вас снова видеть. 3, Мы хотели знать возраст ее дочери.

Винительный с инфинитивом: 1. Мы знаем, что он хороший муж. 8. Мы знали, что кукуруза совершенно просохла. 14. Мы знаем, что отец Шекспира был торговцем мясом, зерном и кожей. 17. Мы считали его женатым. 21. Мать хотела, чтобы ее сын женился.

Именительный с инфинитивом: 5. Он, как будто, получил очень хорошее образование. 6. Это кожаное пальто выглядит очень тяжелым. 10. Он, кажется, читал многих авторов-классиков. 11. Книга, кажется, состоит из рассказов. 13. Время, как будто, не было потеряно. 19. Ребенок, по-видимому, выучивает несколько новых слов ежедневно.

Определение: 4. Ее сын был первым, кто развил эту совершенно новую идею. 7. Так хлеб не режут. (Это не тот способ, которым режут хлеб). 9. Вот все, что вам нужно знать. 12. Нельзя было терять времени (букв. времени, которого можно терять, не было). 20. У вас есть журналы, которые вы могли бы мне дать?

Обстоятельства: 23. Ваша дочь достаточно взрослая, чтобы это понимать. 25. Мы изучаем текст, чтобы больше узнать о Шекспире.